Chlamydia certainly can persist for a long time, but "years" overstates it. Few infections in males persist longer than a few months, and in women the longest duration reported in the scientific literature is 4 years. And in that study of a couple hundred women, the large majority had cleared within a year or so. If it can sometimes persist four years, probably sometimes it can be even longer -- but probably very rarely.

Can chlamydia persist despite negative testing? Maybe yes, but this also is rare, if it happens at all, especially in males. Negative results of genital testing (urethral swab or urine in males, cervical or vaginal swab in women) is solid proof that there is no genital infection. A current topic in chlamydia research is whether it might persist in the intestinal tract without symptoms, whether acquired by oral sex or receptive anal sex. If this happens, most such infections probably remain without symptoms and probably have health impact. Some "asymptomatic" chlamydia indeed involves mild symptoms that some persons don't notice. This is more common in women than men. But in either sex, complete absence of symptoms often is the case.

You don't say anything about your sexual exposures, but if you have no genital symptoms it is unlikely you have a genital infection, especially if you have had negative testing by urine or urethral swab. There has been no research on whether circumcision status changes the likelihood of longstanding or asymptomatic chlamydial infection, but probably it does not. Finally, you don't say anything about your sexual lifestyle and choices. If you have sex with other men, you might consider rectal testing in addition to urine/urethra. Oral testing isn't necessary, but could be done (along with a throat swab for gonorrhea) if you have been at risk.