You don't say how long it has been since the rectal sex event. How long ago? I find it quite amazing that your doctor did not test you for common STDs even after you requested it. For sure you need testing now, and it must include rectal as well as vaginal/cervical testing for gonorrhea and chlamydia. Rectal bleeding can occur from some STDs, but other causes are equally or more common. The bleeding may nor may not be related to your fever, chills, and body aching. What can you say about your partner's sexual history and other risks? Like the partner you described several months ago, does he have a past history of incarceration? If so, when? What do you know or suspect about other sex partners, especially at the current time or in the recent past? Has he been tested for HIV? Regardless of the answers, these problems need immediate in-person health care. 

Those comments partly address your numbered questions, but to be explicit:

1) Any number of medical conditions could explain these symptoms. But I have to say acute retroviral syndrome (ARS, i.e. initial HIV infection) HIV does seem a possibility. When you seek care, whether with your doctor or an urgent care setting, make sure they are aware of the entire situation and your concerns about HIV. You need urgent testing for it.

2) Conceivably your rectal bleeding could be from an STD -- but not necessarily, as discussed above. Careful examination, probably including anoscopy (looking inside the rectum) should be part of the examinations to be done, in addition to gonorrhea and chlamydia tests.

3) Conceivably a rectal HPV problem might cause bleeding, but it's not very likely. HPV is definitely not the cause of the other symptoms described. 

4) Already discussed:  Probably evaluations other than STD testing are going to be needed. Whether it all can be accomplished tomorrow, or whether you might need referral (e.g. to a colon and rectal surgeon) will be determined when you are first seen.

As you will obviously understand, your partner should be evaluated as well. Presumably he knows of your symptoms; if not, you need to tell him. That said, depending on the exact nature of your relationship, perhaps his own medical evaluation can wait until you have been examined and tested. But it might speed your evaluation if he can also be evaluated now.

I hope these comments are helpful. Let me know if anything isn't clear.