[Question #8698] HIV Risk and Testing

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41 months ago
Hello Doctors. I am writing with a new question. I had a protected encounter with a person I know well, who I have had unprotected encounters with in the past. She is a drug user but does not regularly use needles (although has on occasion). After the unprotected encounters, I was tested several times and was clear of HIV, gonorrhea, and Chlamydia. I did have syphilis and was treated for it and on my last test, the treatment had been confirmed to have worked. 

On October 25, 2021, we had protected intercourse. At one point we stopped, but I remained inside her until I lost my erection. When I pulled out, I didn’t notice that the condom had come off. When I went to resume, I checked for the condom and it was not on me. I freaked out and she told me it came off when I withdrew. She had it in her hand at this point. I am assuming it didn’t come off during intercourse because she would have likely had to remove it from deeper inside her, but I am not 100% sure. She tells me she does not have HIV and said she was tested recently. I have no reason to doubt her. However, I am still worried. 

I have not had any symptoms, as far as I know. However, I have gotten infected cuts twice since then. One actually started around the time of the exposure and one recently.

I went for a test on Monday. I do not have gonorrhea or syphilis or hep B/C. I am still awaiting the results of HIV and syphilis. I’m freaking out because the Ontario public health website says the turnaround time for non-reactive HIV tests is up to 3 days. This is the third day and the results are still pending. I'm so anxious. Would the lab likely send both results at the same time?
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H. Hunter Handsfield, MD
41 months ago
Welcome back to the forum. I'm glad to learn your syphilis resolved -- presumably meaning your blood test results (follow-up RPR or VDRL titers) have been declining at a rate consistent with cure. Good show. Assuming RPR is not (yet) entirely negative, care will need to be taken in judging whether or not you might have been reinfected -- more about that below.

It's quite common for condoms to remain in the vagina when the penis withdraws. When it happens, protection is generally believe to have been complete, and that's especially true here since your partner is confidence that's what happened -- i.e. that the condom wasn't off during vaginal penetration. So you are at no more risk of any STI than for any condom-protected vaginal sex. With the exposure having occurred 5 months ago, and assuming no STI symptoms, that alone is good evidence you weren't infected. I'm surprised to learn you apparently weren't tested sooner:  why the 5 month wait?

I don't know how to interpret your two episodes of "infected cuts". Of the penis? Unless there was obvious injury (e.g. a shaving cut, a tooth would during oral sex), the main cause of spontaneous penile sores, including apparent "cuts", is genital herpes. We can get into this further if you'd like to describe the details, whether such "cuts" have happened previously, and whether you have ever had blood tests for HSV.

Presumably you Monday tests included chlamydia in addition to gonorrhea, HIV, and follow-up syphilis test. Was that syphilis test entirely negative? It would be surprising if RPR had become entirely negative only 7 months after a titer of 1:64, when treated. If the titer has continued an appropriate downward trend (or if it truly is entirely negative), you can be sure you were not reinfected with syphilis last October.

A delayed HIV test report usually does not imply a positive result. Most labs batch routine tests with low positivity rates (and even the labs with high numbers of HIV infected patients probably average well under 1% positive results). That is, they run each batch either when they have enough specimens to fill the standard specimen tray (which can be up to 120 or more samples), or on a schedule like once or twice a week. (They would generally run a new test by itself only in an especially high risk situation, e.g. high risk exposure to a known infected partner, symptoms of ARS, etc). This was a very low risk exposure in regard to HIV and I'm confident the result will be negative.

So let me know when you've had your HIV test result. And if you wish, I'll be interested to hear more about the questions I've raised about chlamydia, herpes, and your syphilis test results. Let me know if anything else isn't clear.

HHH, MD
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41 months ago
Thanks for the quick reply. The cuts I mentioned were on my leg near my ankle and the most recent on my wrist. They resulted from a scratch or bite (leg) and a mild burn on my wrist. One had started at the time of October incident and the other last week. 

I waited so long to test because I believed it was no risk as it happened pulling out. However, with this new bacterial infection I started worrying again that maybe there was a actual exposure. 

My syphilis titer went down to 1:8 in late October and was 1:2 in early January. 
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H. Hunter Handsfield, MD
41 months ago
Thanks for clarifying. Nice RPR response to syphilis treatment. Presumably your most recent was entirely negative?

Glad to hear you weren't having genital "cuts". FYI, that they might be infected wasn't an indication of possible HIV. Wound infections and other bacterial infections of the skin are not increased in frequency in people with HIV, except maybe in advanced HIV, i.e. with overt AIDS after several years.
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41 months ago
Hello

I just got all my results back today. The HIV was negative. The syphilis was the same as the last test, 1:2. The previous test 2.5 months ago was the same. I don’t imagine that I have been reinfected considering it declined from 1:8 to 1:2 after the potentially risky exposure. Further my partner in that event has assured me that she was effectively treated. 

The bacterial infections I have had are possible a result of becoming pre-diabetic. I have heard that cuts heal slower when the blood sugar is higher…leaving them susceptible to infection. 

Thank you for providing logical, science based advice. It goes a long way for people who suffer extreme anxiety like myself (I am being treated for that and have progressed significantly). The advice provided by you and the other doctors is very much appreciated. 
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H. Hunter Handsfield, MD
41 months ago
The standard consensus, which is recommended by CDC and similar agencies elsewhere, is that syphilis cure is defined by at least a two-dilution drop in RPR (or VDRL) titer at 6 months after treatment. Starting at 1:64, that criterion means any value of 1:16 or lower is just fine. At 1:2, you're 5 dilutions below 1:64. You should be tested again at about a year (i.e. around 6 months from now). If it remains at 1:2 or lower (or negative), all is well. Your only concern would be if it starts to rise again, which would suggest reinfection.

Indeed, diabetes does predispose to slower healing and/or infection of skin wounds. However, if only at a pre-diabetic stage, it probably is unlikely your blood sugar is sufficiently high to have any effect on skin infections. But check with your doctor if in doubt.

Thanks for the thanks. I'm glad to have helped -- that's why we're here. Best wishes and stay safe.

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